⑴萃取壓(ya)力的影響
萃(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)過程(cheng)中,SF密(mi)度(du)(du)的(de)變(bian)化(hua)(hua)直接(jie)影響萃(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)效(xiao)果。萃(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)是(shi)影響SF密(mi)度(du)(du)的(de)重要(yao)參(can)數。壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)的(de)變(bian)化(hua)(hua)能(neng)顯(xian)著提(ti)高SF溶(rong)解物質的(de)能(neng)力(li)(li)。根據萃(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)的(de)變(bian)化(hua)(hua),可將SFE分(fen)為3類(lei):(1)高壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)區的(de)全萃(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)。高壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)時(shi),SF的(de)溶(rong)解能(neng)力(li)(li)強,可最大(da)限度(du)(du)地(di)溶(rong)解所有(you)(you)成分(fen);(2)低(di)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)臨(lin)(lin)界(jie)區的(de)萃(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu),僅能(neng)提(ti)取(qu)(qu)(qu)易溶(rong)解的(de)成分(fen),或除去有(you)(you)害成分(fen);(3)中壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)區的(de)選(xuan)擇萃(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu),在(zai)高低(di)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)之間,可根據物料萃(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)要(yao)求(qiu),選(xuan)擇適宜的(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)進行有(you)(you)效(xiao)萃(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)。當壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)增(zeng)加(jia)到一定程(cheng)度(du)(du)后,則(ze)溶(rong)解增(zeng)加(jia)緩慢(man),這是(shi)由于高壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)下超臨(lin)(lin)界(jie)相密(mi)度(du)(du)隨壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)變(bian)化(hua)(hua)緩慢(man)所致。另外,壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)對萃(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)效(xiao)果的(de)影響還與溶(rong)質的(de)性質有(you)(you)關(guan)。
⑵溫度的影響
溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)對萃(cui)取(qu)(qu)效(xiao)果的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)較為(wei)復雜(za)。可(ke)以從(cong)兩個(ge)方面(mian)來考(kao)慮:一方面(mian),在(zai)一定(ding)壓力下,升(sheng)高溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du);由于升(sheng)高溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)作(zuo)為(wei)萃(cui)取(qu)(qu)劑CO2的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分子(zi)間(jian)距增(zeng)大,分子(zi)間(jian)作(zuo)用力減小,密(mi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)降(jiang)低,溶解(jie)能(neng)力相應下降(jiang)。另一方面(mian),在(zai)一定(ding)壓力下,升(sheng)高溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)被萃(cui)取(qu)(qu)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)揮發性增(zeng)強,分子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熱運(yun)動(dong)加(jia)快,分子(zi)間(jian)締和的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機會增(zeng)加(jia),從(cong)而使溶解(jie)能(neng)力增(zeng)大。因此,溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)對超臨(lin)界(jie)(jie)萃(cui)取(qu)(qu)率的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)應綜合這兩個(ge)因素來考(kao)慮。:升(sheng)高溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du),分子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熱運(yun)動(dong)加(jia)快,分子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)締和的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機會增(zeng)加(jia),從(cong)而使溶解(jie)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)加(jia)起了一定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主導(dao)作(zuo)用。在(zai)實際生(sheng)產中(zhong),超臨(lin)界(jie)(jie)CO2萃(cui)取(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)控制(zhi)為(wei)大于臨(lin)界(jie)(jie)溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du),但不宜(yi)太高,一般為(wei)31.5℃~85℃ 是(shi)適(shi)宜(yi)操作(zuo)溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)。
⑶ 萃取劑流量、萃取時間的影響
在超臨(lin)界流體萃(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)過程中(zhong),萃(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)劑(ji)流量(liang)(liang)一(yi)定時(shi)(shi),萃(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)越(yue)長,收(shou)(shou)率(lv)越(yue)高。萃(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)剛開始時(shi)(shi),由于溶(rong)(rong)劑(ji)與溶(rong)(rong)質未達(da)(da)到(dao)良好(hao)接觸,收(shou)(shou)率(lv)較(jiao)低。隨著萃(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)的(de)(de)加(jia)長,傳(chuan)質達(da)(da)到(dao)某(mou)種(zhong)程度,則(ze)萃(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)速(su)(su)率(lv)增大(da)(da),直到(dao)達(da)(da)到(dao)最(zui)大(da)(da)之后,由于待分(fen)離組(zu)分(fen)的(de)(de)減少(shao),傳(chuan)質動力(li)降低而使萃(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)速(su)(su)率(lv)降低。萃(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)劑(ji)的(de)(de)流量(liang)(liang)主要影響萃(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)。一(yi)般來說,收(shou)(shou)率(lv)一(yi)定時(shi)(shi),流量(liang)(liang)越(yue)大(da)(da),溶(rong)(rong)劑(ji)、溶(rong)(rong)質問(wen)的(de)(de)傳(chuan)熱(re)阻力(li)越(yue)小,則(ze)萃(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)速(su)(su)度越(yue)快,所需(xu)要的(de)(de)萃(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)越(yue)短,但萃(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)回(hui)收(shou)(shou)負荷大(da)(da),從經濟上(shang)考慮應選(xuan)擇(ze)適宜的(de)(de)萃(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)和流量(liang)(liang)。
⑷物料性質的影響
物(wu)(wu)(wu)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)粒(li)度影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)萃(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)效果,一般(ban)情況下(xia),粒(li)度越小(xiao),擴散時(shi)間越短,有(you)(you)利(li)(li)于(yu)SF向(xiang)物(wu)(wu)(wu)料(liao)內部(bu)遷移,增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加了傳質(zhi)效果,但物(wu)(wu)(wu)料(liao)粉碎過細(xi)會(hui)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加表面流(liu)動(dong)阻力(li),反而不(bu)利(li)(li)于(yu)萃(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)。對于(yu)多(duo)孔(kong)的(de)(de)(de)疏松(song)物(wu)(wu)(wu)料(liao),粒(li)度對萃(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)率(lv)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)較(jiao)小(xiao),菌(jun)體脂肪(fang)存在(zai)(zai)于(yu)細(xi)胞內,萃(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)脂肪(fang)時(shi),應考慮使(shi)細(xi)胞破壁(bi)。水(shui)(shui)(shui)分(fen)是(shi)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)萃(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)效率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)重要因素(su)。物(wu)(wu)(wu)料(liao)中含水(shui)(shui)(shui)量較(jiao)高時(shi),其(qi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)分(fen)主要以單(dan)分(fen)子水(shui)(shui)(shui)膜形式在(zai)(zai)親(qin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)大分(fen)子界(jie)面形成連續系統(tong),從而增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加了超臨(lin)界(jie)相流(liu)動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)阻力(li),當(dang)繼續增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加水(shui)(shui)(shui)分(fen)時(shi),多(duo)余的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)分(fen)子主要以游離態存在(zai)(zai),對萃(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)不(bu)產(chan)生明顯(xian)的(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)。而當(dang)含水(shui)(shui)(shui)量較(jiao)低(di)時(shi),水(shui)(shui)(shui)分(fen)子主要以非(fei)連續的(de)(de)(de)單(dan)分(fen)子層形式存在(zai)(zai)。可見,破壞傳質(zhi)界(jie)面的(de)(de)(de)連續水(shui)(shui)(shui)膜,使(shi)溶質(zhi)與(yu)溶劑(ji)(ji)之(zhi)間進行有(you)(you)效的(de)(de)(de)接觸,形成連續的(de)(de)(de)主體傳質(zhi)體系就可減小(xiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)分(fen)的(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)。超臨(lin)界(jie)流(liu)體的(de)(de)(de)極性(xing)(xing)是(shi)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)萃(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)速(su)率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)又(you)一因素(su)。在(zai)(zai)弱(ruo)極性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)溶劑(ji)(ji)中,強極性(xing)(xing)物(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)溶解(jie)度遠小(xiao)于(yu)非(fei)極性(xing)(xing)物(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi),可萃(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)性(xing)(xing)隨極性(xing)(xing)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加而降低(di),如(ru)超臨(lin)界(jie)CO2是(shi)一種非(fei)極性(xing)(xing)溶劑(ji)(ji),因此,它非(fei)常(chang)適用于(yu)弱(ruo)極性(xing)(xing)物(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)萃(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)。通過使(shi)用不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)夾(jia)帶劑(ji)(ji)來改變COz的(de)(de)(de)極性(xing)(xing),使(shi)萃(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)范圍(wei)擴大,可萃(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)極性(xing)(xing)較(jiao)強的(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)。